home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1990
/
1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
/
time
/
010989
/
01098900.034
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1990-09-17
|
5KB
|
94 lines
WORLD, Page 34AUSTRALIAA Cry of Desperation
Eddie Cameron was 23 when he was arrested, charged with
burglary and placed in a solitary cell in Geraldton, Western
Australia, one night last July. A few hours later he was found
dead, hanging by his own bootlaces. But the death of Eddie Cameron,
an Aborigine who was a local football hero and the son of a
political activist, sparked a riot by 300 of Australia's native
sons.
The reason: Cameron was just one of at least 103 Aborigines to
die while in police custody or prison since 1980. Says
criminologist David Biles of the shockingly high death toll: "An
Aboriginal person is 20 times more likely than a white to die in
custody."
Biles is chief researcher for a royal commission appointed
last year to delve into the phenomenon. Last week the commission
released an interim report attempting to explain the causes of
Aboriginal deaths in custody and offer some prescriptions to
prevent them. "Australia must know the truth behind the deaths,"
said the chairman of the commission, Justice James Muirhead.
The majority of the deaths under investigation were described
by the authorities as suicides, often involving alcohol abuse.
Others were the result of physical or mental illness. More than
half occurred while the victim was in police custody rather than
in prison, and many took place within two or three hours of
confinement. Among the alleged suicides, details of the deaths are
often hauntingly similar. Eddie Murray, 21, hanged himself in 1981
while in custody in the New South Wales hamlet of Wee Waa. Loyed
Boney, 28, was found hanged in his cell at Brewarrina, New South
Wales, in 1987. Bernard McGrath used a strip of toweling in
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, to strangle himself. McGrath's
relatively minor offense: violating probation after conviction for
driving without a license. A few cases involve charges of police
brutality, while others focus on the failure of police to realize
that a prisoner was seriously ill.
The interim report offered 56 specific recommendations to
prevent more Aboriginal deaths. Among them: imprisonment for lesser
crimes should be used only as a last resort; public drunkenness
should be abolished as an offense; treatment centers for alcoholics
should be established as soon as possible. The report also
suggested a national task force be appointed to examine the effects
of alcohol abuse on Aborigines, a particular source of trouble for
these indigenous people.
The commission's wide-ranging investigation has helped to open
the country's eyes to the plight of Aborigines. Ever since the
First Fleet arrived from England in 1788 carrying British convicts,
the Aborigines have been retreating from the land they held for
40,000 years -- to the outback and more recently to the seedy
fringes of urban society.
They are the nation's second-class citizens. Between 1788 and
1900, their numbers dropped from 300,000 to 93,000. Since then,
the Aboriginal population has grown back to 230,000, or 1.3% of
Australia's 16 million people. About 11% have never gone to school
(vs. 1% of Australian whites), and 30% are unemployed (vs. 7% of
whites). The life expectancy of Aborigines is 18 years less than
that of whites. Significantly, Aborigines gained the right to vote
only 21 years ago.
Like American Indians, Australia's Aborigines find themselves
in limbo, alienated from their own culture and shut out of the
white society around them. And when Aborigines are locked up in
confined spaces, they often suffer great depression. "It is a
double identity crisis," says psychologist Joseph Reser of
Queensland's James Cook University, "characterized by near
powerlessness. Suicide is probably an individual expression of the
only kind over which they have control, a cry of desperation."
Two hundred years after the first European settlement, the
government of Prime Minister Bob Hawke has embarked on a series of
long-term reforms. Canberra has promised to take the symbolic step
of signing a "treaty" with the Aboriginal population that, in
Hawke's words, would acknowledge "the errors and wrongs of the
past." The government is also trying to reorganize a system of land
councils to encourage greater unity and self-determination. And it
is returning historic tribal lands in the Northern Territory to
Aboriginal control. Uluru National Park has already been
transferred to Aboriginal ownership. Within its boundaries is the
great monolith known as Ayers Rock, the national landmark that is
also sacred to the Aborigines.
Such initiatives have been heatedly debated in Australia but
are a measure of the country's willingness to make partial
restitution to the original Australians. So far, however, neither
the transfers of land nor improved sensitivity in the
criminal-justice system has managed to erase the sentence
Aborigines carry from birth: to live as unequals and virtual
outcasts in their own country.